Clinical Oncology
Volume 18, Issue 7 , Pages 555-570 , September 2006

Functional Imaging in Clinical Oncology: Magnetic Resonance Imaging- and Computerised Tomography-based Techniques

  • R. Alonzi

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAuthor for correspondence: Roberto Alonzi, BSc, MBBS, MRCP, FRCR, Mount Vernon Hospital, Marie Curie Research Wing, Rickmansworth Road, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2RN, UK. Tel: +44-1923-844852; Fax: +44-1923-844167.
    • ,
  • P. Hoskin

Received 9 May 2006 ,Accepted 8 June 2006.

References 

  1. Ries LA, Harkins D, Krapcho M, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2003, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2003/.
  2. Therasse P, Arbuck SG, Eisenhauer EA, et al. New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States, National Cancer Institute of Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:205–216
  3. Folkman J. Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. Nat Med. 1995;1:27–31
  4. Ling CC, Humm J, Larson S, et al. Towards multidimensional radiotherapy (MD-CRT): biological imaging and biological conformality. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;47:551–560
  5. Zelefsky MJ, Fuks Z, Hunt M, et al. High-dose intensity modulated radiation therapy for prostate cancer: early toxicity and biochemical outcome in 772 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;53:1111–1116
  6. WHO handbook for reporting results of cancer treatment. Geneva: World Health Organization Offset Publication no. 48; 1979;
  7. Fisher B, Bryant J, Wolmark N, et al. Effect of preoperative chemotherapy on the outcome of women with operable breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:2672–2685
  8. Ikeda O, Yamashita Y, Morishita S, et al. Characterization of breast masses by dynamic enhanced MR imaging. A logistic regression analysis. Acta Radiol. 1999;40:585–592
  9. Kuhl CK, Mielcareck P, Klaschik S, et al. Dynamic breast MR imaging: are signal intensity time course data useful for differential diagnosis of enhancing lesions?. Radiology. 1999;211:101–110
  10. Kvistad KA, Rydland J, Vainio J, et al. Breast lesions: evaluation with dynamic contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging and with T2∗-weighted first-pass perfusion MR imaging. Radiology. 2000;216:545–553
  11. Liu PF, Krestin GP, Huch RA, et al. MRI of the uterus, uterine cervix, and vagina: diagnostic performance of dynamic contrast-enhanced fast multiplanar gradient-echo imaging in comparison with fast spin-echo T2-weighted pulse imaging. Eur Radiol. 1998;8:1433–1440
  12. Barentsz JO, Jager GJ, van Vierzen PB, et al. Staging urinary bladder cancer after transurethral biopsy: value of fast dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 1996;201:185–193
  13. Kim CK, Park BK, Kim B. Localization of prostate cancer using 3T MRI: comparison of T2-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2006;30:7–11
  14. Oshida K, Nagashima T, Ueda T, et al. Pharmacokinetic analysis of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast using dynamic MR mammography. Eur Radiol. 2005;15:1353–1360
  15. Tuncbilek N, Karakas HM, Okten OO. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging in determining histopathological prognostic factors of invasive breast cancers. Eur J Radiol. 2005;53:199–205
  16. Schlemmer HP, Merkle J, Grobholz R, et al. Can pre-operative contrast-enhanced dynamic MR imaging for prostate cancer predict microvessel density in prostatectomy specimens?. Eur Radiol. 2004;14:309–317
  17. Hawighorst H, Weikel W, Knapstein PG, et al. Angiogenic activity of cervical carcinoma: assessment by functional magnetic resonance imaging-based parameters and a histomorphological approach in correlation with disease outcome. Clin Cancer Res. 1998;4:2305–2312
  18. Ah-See M, Makris A, Taylor N, et al. Does vascular imaging with MRI predict response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in primary breast cancer?. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2004;23:582
  19. Barentsz JO, Berger-Hartog O, Witjes JA, et al. Evaluation of chemotherapy in advanced urinary bladder cancer with fast dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 1998;207:791–797
  20. Devries AF, Griebel J, Kremser C, et al. Tumor microcirculation evaluated by dynamic magnetic resonance imaging predicts therapy outcome for primary rectal carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2001;61:2513–2516
  21. Mayr NA, Yuh WT, Arnholt JC, et al. Pixel analysis of MR perfusion imaging in predicting radiation therapy outcome in cervical cancer. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2000;12:1027–1033
  22. Pham CD, Roberts TP, van Bruggen N, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging detects suppression of tumor vascular permeability after administration of antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor. Cancer Invest. 1998;16:225–230
  23. Gray LH, Conger AD, Ebert M, et al. The concentration of oxygen dissolved in tissues at the time of irradiation as a factor in radiotherapy. Br J Radiol. 1953;26:638–648
  24. Ogawa S, Lee TM. Magnetic resonance imaging of blood vessels at high fields: in vivo and in vitro measurements and image simulation. Magn Reson Med. 1990;16:9–18
  25. Karczmar GS, River JN, Li J, et al. Effects of hyperoxia on T2∗ and resonance frequency weighted magnetic resonance images of rodent tumours. NMR Biomed. 1994;7:3–11
  26. Robinson SP, Rodrigues LM, Ojugo AS, et al. The response to carbogen breathing in experimental tumour models monitored by gradient-recalled echo magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Cancer. 1997;75:1000–1006
  27. Kuperman V, River JN, Lewis MZ, et al. Changes in T2∗-weighted images during hyperoxia differentiate tumors from normal tissue. Magn Reson Med. 1995;33:318–325
  28. Al-Hallaq HA, River JN, Zamora M, et al. Correlation of magnetic resonance and oxygen microelectrode measurements of carbogen-induced changes in tumor oxygenation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;41:151–159
  29. Maxwell RJ, Robinson SP, McIntyre DJO, et al. Comparison of changes in gradient-echo 1H MR image intensity and pO2 in rodent tumours in response to carbogen breathing. Proc ISMRM 7th Annu Meeting. 1999;495;[abstract]
  30. Neeman M, Dafni H, Bukhari O, et al. in vivo BOLD contrast MRI mapping of subcutaneous vascular function and maturation: validation by intravital microscopy. Magn Reson Med. 2001;45:887–898
  31. Robinson SP, Rijken PF, Howe FA, et al. Tumor vascular architecture and function evaluated by non-invasive susceptibility MRI methods and immunohistochemistry. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003;17:445–454
  32. Rodrigues LM, Howe FA, Griffiths JR, et al. Tumor R2∗ is a prognostic indicator of acute radiotherapeutic response in rodent tumors. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2004;19:482–488
  33. Taylor NJ, Baddeley H, Goodchild KA, et al. BOLD MRI of human tumor oxygenation during carbogen breathing. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;14:156–163
  34. Griffiths JR, Taylor NJ, Howe FA, et al. The response of human tumors to carbogen breathing, monitored by gradient-recalled echo magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;39:697–701
  35. Diergarten T, Martirosian P, Kottke R, et al. Functional characterization of prostate cancer by integrated magnetic resonance imaging and oxygenation changes during carbogen breathing. Invest Radiol. 2005;40:102–109
  36. Fountas KN, Kapsalaki EZ, Vogel RL, et al. Noninvasive histologic grading of solid astrocytomas using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2004;82:90–97
  37. Magalhaes A, Godfrey W, Shen Y, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of brain tumors correlated with pathology. Acad Radiol. 2005;12:51–57
  38. Chernov M, Hayashi M, Izawa M, et al. Differentiation of the radiation-induced necrosis and tumor recurrence after gamma knife radiosurgery for brain metastases: importance of multi-voxel proton MRS. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2005;48:228–234
  39. Li X, Jin H, Lu Y, et al. Identification of MRI and 1H MRSI parameters that may predict survival for patients with malignant gliomas. NMR Biomed. 2004;17:10–20
  40. Zakian KL, Shukla-Dave A, Meyers P, et al. Identification of prognostic markers in bone sarcomas using proton-decoupled phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Cancer Res. 2003;63:9042–9047
  41. Warren KE, Frank JA, Black JL, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in children with recurrent primary brain tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:1020–1026
  42. Kurhanewicz J, Swanson MG, Nelson SJ, et al. Combined magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopic imaging approach to molecular imaging of prostate cancer. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2002;16:451–463
  43. Seenu V, Pavan Kumar MN, Sharma U, et al. Potential of magnetic resonance spectroscopy to detect metastasis in axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer. Magn Reson Imaging. 2005;23:1005–1010
  44. Lean C, Doran S, Somorjai RL, et al. Determination of grade and receptor status from the primary breast lesion by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2004;3:551–556
  45. Meisamy S, Bolan PJ, Baker EH, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy of locally advanced breast cancer: predicting response with in vivo (1)H MR spectroscopy — a pilot study at 4T. Radiology. 2004;233:424–431
  46. Jensen KE, Jensen M, Grundtvig P, et al. Localized in vivo proton spectroscopy of the bone marrow in patients with leukemia. Magn Reson Imaging. 1990;8:779–789
  47. Kuliszkiewicz-Janus M, Tuz MA, Baczynski S. Application of 31P MRS to the analysis of phospholipid changes in plasma of patients with acute leukemia. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005;1737:11–15
  48. Mukherji SK, Schiro S, Castillo M, et al. Proton MR spectroscopy of squamous cell carcinoma of the extracranial head and neck: in vitro and in vivo studies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18:1057–1072
  49. Bezabeh T, Odlum O, Nason R, et al. Prediction of treatment response in head and neck cancer by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26:2108–2113
  50. King AD, Yeung DK, Ahuja AT, et al. Salivary gland tumors at in vivo proton MR spectroscopy. Radiology. 2005;237:563–569
  51. Russell P, Lean CL, Delbridge L, et al. Proton magnetic resonance and human thyroid neoplasia. I: Discrimination between benign and malignant neoplasms. Am J Med. 1994;96:383–388
  52. Averna TA, Kline EE, Smith AY, et al. A decrease in 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopically determined citrate in human seminal fluid accompanies the development of prostate adenocarcinoma. J Urol. 2005;173:433–438
  53. Khan SA, Cox IJ, Thillainayagam AV, et al. Proton and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human bile in hepatopancreaticobiliary cancer. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;17:733–738
  54. Huisman TA. Diffusion-weighted imaging: basic concepts and application in cerebral stroke and head trauma. Eur Radiol. 2003;13:2283–2297
  55. Habermann CR, Gossrau P, Graessner J, et al. Diffusion-weighted echo-planar MRI: a valuable tool for differentiating primary parotid gland tumors?. Rofo. 2005;177:940–945
  56. Sato C, Naganawa S, Nakamura T, et al. Differentiation of noncancerous tissue and cancer lesions by apparent diffusion coefficient values in transition and peripheral zones of the prostate. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005;21:258–262
  57. Jena R, Price SJ, Baker C, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging: possible implications for radiotherapy treatment planning of patients with high-grade glioma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2005;17:581–590
  58. Hein PA, Eskey CJ, Dunn JF, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging in the follow-up of treated high-grade gliomas: tumor recurrence versus radiation injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:201–209
  59. Roth Y, Tichler T, Kostenich G, et al. High-b-value diffusion-weighted MR imaging for pretreatment prediction and early monitoring of tumor response to therapy in mice. Radiology. 2004;232:685–692
  60. Dzik-Jurasz A, Domenig C, George M, et al. Diffusion MRI for prediction of response of rectal cancer to chemoradiation. Lancet. 2002;360:307–308
  61. Axel L. Cerebral blood flow determination by rapid-sequence computed tomography: theoretical analysis. Radiology. 1980;137:679–686
  62. Zhang M, Kono M. Solitary pulmonary nodules: evaluation of blood flow patterns with dynamic CT. Radiology. 1997;205:471–478
  63. Miles KA, Griffiths MR, Fuentes MA. Standardized perfusion value: universal CT contrast enhancement scale that correlates with FDG PET in lung nodules. Radiology. 2001;220:548–553
  64. Leggett DA, Kelley BB, Bunce IH, et al. Colorectal cancer: diagnostic potential of CT measurements of hepatic perfusion and implications for contrast enhancement protocols. Radiology. 1997;205:716–720
  65. Dugdale PE, Miles KA, Bunce I, et al. CT measurement of perfusion and permeability within lymphoma masses and its ability to assess grade, activity, and chemotherapeutic response. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1999;23:540–547
  66. Leggett DA, Miles KA, Kelley BB. Blood–brain barrier and blood volume imaging of cerebral glioma using functional CT: a pictorial review. Australas Radiol. 1998;42:335–340
  67. Hermans R, Lambin P, Van den Bogaert W, et al. Non-invasive tumour perfusion measurement by dynamic CT: preliminary results. Radiother Oncol. 1997;44:159–162
  68. Miles KA, Leggett DA, Kelley BB, et al. in vivo assessment of neovascularization of liver metastases using perfusion CT. Br J Radiol. 1998;71:276–281

PII: S0936-6555(06)00206-8

doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2006.06.002

Clinical Oncology
Volume 18, Issue 7 , Pages 555-570 , September 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution